Intelligence and Information Policy for National Security by Goldman Jan;Maret Susan; & Susan Maret

Author:Goldman, Jan;Maret, Susan; & Susan Maret [Goldman, Jan & Maret, Susan]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Unlimited Model
Published: 2016-08-15T00:00:00+00:00

J

JaMMing The overwhelming interference of electronic signals so that the intended receiver of those signals is unable to distinguish the true signal from other signals; also known as “noise.” See ELECTRONIC JAMMING

JIHAD The Arabic word jihad is derived from a verb that means “to struggle, strive, or exert oneself.” It appears in the Quran in the context of calls to strive for the advancement of Islam and to make a personal commitment to struggle “in the cause of God.” At its most general level, jihad denotes taking action on behalf of Islam and fellow Muslims, and thereby improving one’s standing as a pious member of the religious community. The concept has been understood by Muslims in various ways over time to include fighting (qital) against those who oppose the advancement of Islam or who harm Muslims, fundraising for Islamic causes, proselytizing, doing charitable work, and struggling against personal desires. Historically, key Sunni and Shi’a religious texts such as collections of sayings and deeds of the prophet Mohammed (hadith) most often referred to jihad in terms of religiously approved fighting on behalf of Islam and Muslims. Some Muslims have emphasized nonviolent social and personal means of jihad or have sought to shape the modern meaning of the term to refer to fighting only under defensive circumstances.1

JOINT Connotes activities, operations, organizations, and more, in which elements of two or more military departments participate.2

JOINT ADVERTISING AND MARKET RESEARCH STUDIES (JAMRS) RECRUITING DATABASE 1. JAMRS is an official Department of Defense program responsible for joint marketing communications and market research and studies. One of JAMRS’s objectives is to explore the perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes of American youth as they relate to joining the military. Understanding these factors is critical to the success of sustaining an All-Volunteer Force and helps ensure recruiting efforts are directed in the most efficient and beneficial manner.3 2. In 2005, the Pentagon announced in the Federal Register the existence of the JAMRS Database—a massive registry of 30 million Americans between the ages of 16 and 25 for military recruitment purposes. First authorized in 2002, the JAMRS program collects information on young people from a variety of sources, including the Selective Service, Departments of Motor Vehicles, and commercial data brokers. The Defense Act of 1982 gave the Department of Defense permission to gather information for recruitment purposes but set limits on what type of information could be maintained. For example, the Defense Act limited the database to only include students over 17 years old or in the eleventh grade or higher, only contain “directory information” (i.e., name, school, contact info), and only allowed the Pentagon to keep the information for a maximum of three years. In practice, the JAMRS database violated the Defense Act in a number of troubling ways. The JAMRS database included much more than directory information: the Department of Defense was collecting phone numbers, mailing addresses, e-mail addresses, social security numbers, racial and ethnic data, grade point averages, college intentions, and height and weight information. Also,

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